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PurposeThis study aims to focus on the preparation and characterization of the silver nanowire (AgNWs), as well as their application as antimicrobial and antivirus activities either with incorporation on the waterborne coating formulation or on their own.Design/methodology/approachPrepared AgNWs are characterized by different analytical instruments, such as ultraviolet-visible spectroscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray diffraction spectrometer. All the paint formulation's physical and mechanical qualities were tested using American Society for Testing and Materials, a worldwide standard test procedure. The biological activities of the prepared AgNWs and the waterborne coating based on AgNWs were investigated. And, their effects on pathogenic bacteria, antioxidants, antiviral activity and cytotoxicity were also investigated.FindingsThe obtained results of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the paint formulation demonstrated the formulations' greatest performance, as well as giving good scrub resistance and film durability. In the antimicrobial activity, the paint did not have any activity against bacterial pathogen, whereas the AgNWs and AgNWs with paint have similar activity against bacterial pathogen with inhibition zone range from 10 to 14 mm. The development of antioxidant and cytotoxicity activity of the paint incorporated with AgNWs were also observed. The cytopathic effects of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were reduced in all three investigated modes of action when compared to the positive control group (HSV-1-infected cells), suggesting that these compounds have promising antiviral activity against a wide range of viruses, including DNA and RNA viruses.Originality/valueThe new waterborne coating based on nanoparticles has the potential to be promising in the manufacturing and development of paints, allowing them to function to prevent the spread of microbial infection, which is exactly what the world requires at this time.
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The present pandemic has highlighted the necessity of infection protection gear as a crucial protective approach, particularly given the fact that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) readily infects individuals in poorly ventilated environments. Embedding antimicrobial function onto protection gear would have major implications in minimizing pathogen contamination and lowering healthcare associated illness. In this study, non woven polypropylene fabric (NWPP) which is widely used in personal hygiene products and hospital protective gears has been subjected to surface fictionalization with corona treatment. Surface polarity of the treated fabric was studied by use of dyne liquid which showed generation of surface polarization. Subsequently, the resultant surface polarized NWPP were spray coated with zinc oxide (ZnO) antiviral agent. The antiviral agents were rendered to adhere to NWPP by use of polyurethane solution coating on the fabric. The effect of antiviral coatings on NWPP fabric with the use of polyurethane solution as an adhesive were investigated in terms of antiviral activity and anti-bacterial activity against MS2 bacteriophage and Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria respectively. Coating of surface polarized NWPP with polyurethene binder reduced the leaching of antiviral coating. More importantly, the fabrics exhibited promising antiviral and anti bacterial activity with 99.90 % reduction in microorganisms after 24 hours of exposure. © 2022 IEEE.
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Introduction: COVID-19 is a disease that is induced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS). Its viral infection is spread swiftly around the world and causes many restrictions, health problems, and expensive treatment costs worldwide. Due to its high prevalence and mortality rate, there is a global challenge to find an effective therapeutic protocol for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. No one could disclaim the immediate need for a standardized protocol for COVID-19 treatment. Methods: Aiming to prepare a comprehensive review of introducing appropriate remedial options for COVID-19, a wide range of investigation on relevant articles established in the English language published through different publications such as PubMed, Medline, Embase, Science Direct, Scopus, and COVID-Evidence . all researchers and clinicians should try to make more precise knowledge about the viral behavior and treatment of COVID-19 to find an effective vaccine to prevent and treatment of this virus. The main objective of the present study is to review and investigate the available evidence for achieving a more precise preventive and treatment protocol to deal with COVID-19. Findings: many available drugs have been reviewed that include Azithromycin, Lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r), Remdesivir, Corticosteroids, Chloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine, Hydroxychloroquine sulfate, Immunoglobulin, Ivermectin, Ribavirin, Favipiravir, Interferon. On the other hand, it is recommended to conduct precise clinical trials on current antimicrobial and antiviral agents that are administered for a long time to find an expeditious and effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although disappointing, it should be noted that there is no effective drug regimen or vaccine against the novel coronavirus. In this regard, using other available antiviral drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 may be effective to some extent. In this study, by investigating some available antimicrobial medicines that may diminish COVID-19 infection, we are trying to introduce a general protocol for controlling this disease.
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The present study aims to provide deeper knowledge about the structural, vibrational, chemical, antimicrobial activity, molecular dynamic simulation and drug likeness of synthesized compound 4-Methoxy-N-(nitrobenzylidene)-aniline. The FT-IR and FT-Raman spectra of 4-Methoxy-N-(nitrobenzylidene)-aniline have been recorded in the powder form in the region 4000–500 cm−1 and 3500–50 cm−1. The vibrational analysis were carried out with the help of normal coordinate analysis (NCA). The molecular geometry, hydrogen bonding interaction and vibrational frequencies have been calculated using the density functional method (DFT/B3LYP) with 6-311 G (D) basis set. The natural bond orbital (NBO), atoms in molecule (AIM), and Hirshfeld surface analysis and RDG were applied to evaluate the relative strength of hydrogen bond interactions and represent their effect on the stabilities of molecular arrangements. Related molecules were compared by computation in order to understand the effect of non-bonded interactions (i.e. intermolecular and intramolecular hydrogen bonding). The HOMO and LUMO analysis was used to determine the charge transfer within the molecule. Furthermore, the in vitro antimicrobial study was carried out for the title compound against Aspergillus niger and Staphylococcus aureus. The antimicrobial activity was confirmed on the compounds with molecular docking (A.niger, S.aureus, Homosapians, Sars-Cov-19 and anticancer) studies and molecular dynamic simulation. The non-linear optical (NLO) properties were also analyzed for the molecules.
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Particulate air pollution represented by PM2.5 is one of the biggest environmental challenges in the 21st century. Especially in 2020, the global outbreak of COVID-19 has brought new challenges to melt-blown filter materials, such as the attenuation of filtration efficiency with breathing, even no filtration effect for viruses as their smaller diameter, the sharp decline of filter efficiency after oily filtration cycle, and its limit in some explosive occasions. Here, using the diameter difference of polystyrene (PS), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and nylon 6(PA6) fibers, we report a multistage structure nanofiber membrane (PS/PVDF/PA6&Ag MSNMs) with high efficiency, low resistance and antibacterial effect by constructing gradient pore structure and introducing silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), overcoming the above defects. The average filtration efficiency of PS/PVDF/PA6&Ag MSNMs for diisooctyl sebacate (DEHS) monodisperse particles from 0.2 μm to 4.9 μm was 99.88%, and the pressure drop was only 128 Pa. After repeated circulation for 100 times, the filtration efficiency and pressure drop remained stable. Above all, the antibacterial nanofiber membrane with high efficiency and low resistance has been preliminarily constructed, the future research will further focus on the performance after circulation. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
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Two tetranuclear [Zn4Cl2(ClQ)6]·2DMF (1) and [Zn4Cl2(ClQ)6(H2O)2]·4DMF (2), as well as three dinuclear [Zn2(ClQ)3(HClQ)3]I3 (3), [Zn2(dClQ)2(H2O)6(SO4)] (4) and [Zn2(dBrQ)2(H2O)6(SO4)] (5), complexes (HClQ = 5-chloro-8-hydroxyquinoline, HdClQ = 5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinoline and HdBrQ = 5,7-dibromo-8-hydroxyquinoline) were prepared as possible anticancer or antimicrobial agents and characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray structure analysis. The stability of the complexes in solution was verified by NMR spectroscopy. Antiproliferative activity and selectivity of the prepared complexes were studied using in vitro MTT assay against the HeLa, A549, MCF-7, MDA-MB-231, HCT116 and Caco-2 cancer cell lines and on the Cos-7 non-cancerous cell line. The most sensitive to the tested complexes was Caco-2 cell line. Among the tested complexes, complex 3 showed the highest cytotoxicity against all cell lines. Unfortunately, all complexes showed only poor selectivity to normal cells, except for complex 5, which showed a certain level of selectivity. Antibacterial potential was observed for complex 5 only. Moreover, the DNA/BSA binding potential of complexes 1–3 was investigated by UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopic methods.
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Bacteria and viruses always posed a threat to human health. Most impressively, SARS-CoV-2 has raged around the world for almost three years, causing huge loss to human health. Facing increasing challenges of drug-resistance and poor treatment efficacy, new solutions are urgently needed to combat pathogenic microorganisms. Recently, nanozymes with intrinsic enzyme-like activities emerged as a promising new type of "antibiotics”. Nanozymes exhibit superior antibacterial and antiviral activities under physiological conditions by efficiently catalyzing generation of a large number of reactive oxygen species. Moreover, enhanced therapeutic effects are achieved in nanozyme-based therapy aided by the unique physicochemical properties of nanomaterials such as photothermal and photodynamic effects. This paper reviews the latest research progress in the field of anti-microbial nanozymes, systematically summarizes and analyzes the principles of nanozymes in the treatment of bacteria and viruses from a mechanistic point of view. An outlook on the future direction and the challenges of new anti-microbial infection nanomaterials are proposed to provide inspiration for developing next generation anti-microbial nanozymes. © 2023 Science Press. All rights reserved.
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Antimicrobial biocompatible polymers have highly desirable materials in medical technology to prevent any healthcare-associated infections from the in-dwelling on medical device that could pose a risk to patients, and this is gaining attention particularly in the context of the current COVID-19 pandemic. In this study, ester free type of poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) derivatives containing cinnamyl group has been synthesized. Also, several of alcohol-based initiators;benzyl alcohol, 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol, 4-(2-hydroxyethoxy) benzaldehyde and 2-(p-tolyloxy)ethan-1-ol and polymer structure has been designed and analyzed its molecular weight on thermal and physical properties effect. The homopolymers and copolymers of PTMC derivatives with cinnamyl group had achieved with molecular weight up to 7400 — 12,300 g/mol with the improved physical state and glass transition temperature, Tg at 8 ֩C respectively. Different types of essential oil, which is thymol and carvacrol, have been incorporated with cinnamyl PTMC had resulted the suppression of E.coli and S.aureus growth. The results showed a promising of introduction of cinnamyl derivatives into ester free-type of PTMC derivatives, as well as create more alcohol-initiators for polymerization of trimethylene carbonate, for more advanced development in the future. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.
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In 2020, the transmission of Covid-19 (nCoV) wreaked havoc around the world. The virus transfers from person to person via droplets in the air or by touching contaminated surfaces. Viruses are non-living organisms and require a living host to grow and multiply, so at this moment it becomes of utmost importance to wear a mask, or another means of protective clothing, to slow down the rate of transmission. Using personal protective equipment (PPE) is the only way to safeguard health professionals against the infection. To help combat the crisis, Sarex has developed an antiviral and antibacterial agent called Saraguard-FL. When the solution is applied to a textile the material will deactivate the virus and prevent further transmission. This article highlights the antiviral and antibacterial results of Saraguard-FL treated 100% cotton and 100% polyester fabric. The fabrics were tested at MSL, Laboratory UK for ISO 18184:2019 and showed effective protection >99% against Influenza H1N1 (non-enveloped) and Feline Coronavirus, which belong to the same family of Covid-19 (SARS-CoV2) enveloped virus. Saraguard-FL has also been tested for Cytotoxicity using ISO 10993-5:2009 and it is found that when applied as per the recommended dosage it is non toxic to human cells. © 2020 World Textile Information Network. All rights reserved.
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Ruthenium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes have unique physico-chemical properties as catalysts and a huge potential in medicinal chemistry and pharmacology, exhibiting a variety of notable biological activities. In this review, the most recent studies on ruthenium NHC complexes are summarized, focusing specifically on antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities. Ruthenium NHC complexes are generally active against Gram-positive bacteria, such as Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Listeria monocytogenes and are seldom active against Gram-negative bacteria, including Salmonella typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli and fungal strains of Candida albicans. The antiproliferative activity was tested against cancer cell lines of human colon, breast, cervix, epidermis, liver and rat glioblastoma cell lines. Ruthenium NHC complexes generally demonstrated cytotoxicity higher than standard anticancer drugs. Further studies are needed to explore the mechanism of action of these interesting compounds.
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During current COVID-19 crises, the antimicrobial textiles primarily those utilized in hospital by doctors and paramedical staff have become increasingly important. Thus, there is an unmet requirement to develop antimicrobial textiles for infection control and hygiene practices. Metallic nanoparticles exhibit great effectiveness towards resistant microbial species making them a potential solution to the increasing antibiotic resistance. Due to this, nanoparticles particularly copper and silver have become most prevalent forms of antibacterial finishing agents for the development of antimicrobial textiles. This review is mainly focused on the significance of copper and silver nanoparticles for the development of antimicrobial textiles. The comparative analysis of the antibacterial effectiveness of copper and silver nanoparticles as well as the possible physical and chemical interactions responsible for their antibacterial action are explained. The negative impact of pathogenic microbes on textiles and possible interactions of antimicrobial agents with microbes have also been highlighted. The significance of nanotechnology for the development of antimicrobial textiles and their applications in medical textiles domain have also been discussed. Various green synthesis and chemical methods used for the synthesis of Ag and Cu nanoparticles and their application on textile substrates to impart antimicrobial functionality have also been discussed. The various qualitative and quantitative standard testing protocols utilised for the antimicrobial characterization of textiles have also discussed in this review. The developed Cu and Ag coated textiles could be effectively applied in the field of hospital textiles for the preparation of antibacterial scrub suits, surgical gowns, panel covers, protective clothing, bedding textiles, coveralls, wound dressings, table covers, curtains, and chair covers etc. © The Author(s) 2022.
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COVID-19 had been declared a pandemic in March 2020. The disease has caused destruction all around the world. Symptomatic treatment, supportive care, isolation and experimental measure are the most important ways to manage this disease. However, 81% of the COVID-19 patients showed mild-to-moderate symptoms such as fever, cough, nasal congestion, fatigue, sore throat, loss of smell and loss of taste etc. Patients with mild-to-moderate symptoms may not need hospitalization because most of them will be able to manage their sickness at home through medication or supportive care. It will be useful to take both preventive measures and substances that boost the immunity while rest at home. Ministry of AYUSH in India recommended several approaches for preventive health care to boost immunity and respiratory health: following yoga and meditation plus intake of a few medicinal-plant-based compounds such as those from turmeric (Curcuma longa), cumin (Cuminum cyminum) and coriander (Coriandrumsativum) etc., once or twice a day. C. longa has been one of the most commonly used remedy for symptoms during COVID-19 pandemic in India. Based on existing scientific evidences, C. longa has been proved to be a potent anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antioxidant source, as well as a medicinal plant effective for respiratory disorders. In this review, scientific evidence of C. longa phytochemicals responsible for pharmacological activities are presented using in silico, in vitro and in vivo models. This review also discusses the disease COVID-19 and its causative virus SARS-CoV-2.
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The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has shown that a disposable surgical face mask is a good protective wall against infection due to its ability to prevent virus transmission from sick to healthy people. Nevertheless, these surgical masks are disposable, not ecofriendly, and are single-use items. The use and disposal of traditional masks lead to high secondary risks such as environmental pollution, pathogen transmission, overload demands, and user discomfort. Nanotechnology is one of the most investigated strategies to safely and economically reuse masks in the 21st century. These strategies are based on four key elements as follows: (1) super mechanical properties that give masks flexibility, durability, and good lifetime storage;(2) high thermal properties that give masks heat self-sterilization;(3) an electric charge controller that gives masks triboelectric (TE) filtration;and (4) response to the antimicrobial effect that stays in the mask before, during, and after safe use. These properties give new-generation masks the ability to remove the drawbacks of traditional surgical masks, such as microbial growth and low filtration efficiency. The graphene family has introduced the self-sterilization and TE effects of surgical masks. Silver nanoparticles have supported antimicrobial effects. Nanofiber membranes are fabricated to have a high surface area that improves the fiber diameter and porosity ratio. A traditional mask could only block a maximum of 50% of the exhaled viruses, but a nanofiber-based mask has been tested to intercept 90% to 99% of particle viruses while breathing during use. Complex nanocomposite materials have succeeded in collecting all these advantages.
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The transmission of pathogens via surfaces poses a major health problem, particularly in hospital environments. Antimicrobial surfaces can interrupt the path of spread, while photocatalytically active titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have emerged as an additive for creating antimicrobial materials. Irradiation of such particles with ultraviolet (UV) light leads to the formation of reactive oxygen species that can inactivate bacteria. The aim of this research was to incorporate TiO2 nanoparticles into a cellulose-reinforced melamine-formaldehyde resin (MF) to obtain a photocatalytic antimicrobial thermoset, to be used, for example, for device enclosures or tableware. To this end, composites of MF with 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt% TiO2 were produced by ultrasonication and hot pressing. The incorporation of TiO2 resulted in a small decrease in tensile strength and little to no decrease in Shore D hardness, but a statistically significant decrease in the water contact angle. After 48 h of UV irradiation, a statistically significant decrease in tensile strength for samples with 0 and 10 wt% TiO2 was measured but with no statistically significant differences in Shore D hardness, although a statistically significant increase in surface hydrophilicity was measured. Accelerated methylene blue (MB) degradation was measured during a further 2.5 h of UV irradiation and MB concentrations of 12% or less could be achieved. Samples containing 0, 10, and 20 wt% TiO2 were investigated for long-term UV stability and antimicrobial activity. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy revealed no changes in the chemical structure of the polymer, due to the incorporation of TiO2, but changes were detected after 500 h of irradiation, indicating material degradation. Specimens pre-irradiated with UV for 48 h showed a total reduction in Escherichia coli when exposed to UV irradiation.
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Over the last 10 years, the antiviral and antimicrobial activities of non-functionalised inorganic nanoparticles against different pathogens were experimentally shown. This effect has attracted the attention of scientists due to the COVID-19 pandemic;however, its mechanism is still unclear. For understanding the mechanism of nanoparticle’s action, it is important to know how this action depends on the parameters of nanoparticles and the properties of a pathogen. In the work, we have studied the action of gold nanoparticles on the viruses outside and inside the cell and compared this action with two sizes of nanoparticles and two types of viruses. The study has been conducted for adenovirus and H1N1 influenza virus, and gold nanoparticles of 5 nm and 20 nm diameter. Virucidal and antiviral actions were observed experimentally for both sizes of nanoparticles against both viruses. It has also been shown with the electron microscopy that the viruses may be destructed in 2 h after adsorption of 5 nm gold nanoparticles on their surface;and that the viruses may change their shape in 2 h after adsorption of 20 nm nanoparticles on their surface. The model of physical adsorption of nanoparticles on the virus surface due to near-field interaction was used to explain observed results.
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The effects of hesperidin and different casings on pH, moisture content, water-holding capacity, and total viable count (TVC) of sausages stored for 171 days were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA). Sausages stuffed in a modified casing with treatment B (soy lecithin concentration: 1:30, soy oil concentration: 2.5%, lactic acid concentration: 21 mL/kg NaCl [solid], treated time: 90 min) had a significantly lower pH value (6.89 ± 0.01) at d 31 but higher (6.55 ± 0.03) than that of control casings at d 171 (p < 0.05). Hesperidin plays an important role in antimicrobial property that renders the sausages with modified casing by treatment A (soy lecithin concentration: 1:27.5, soy oil concentration: 1.25%, lactic acid concentration: 19.5 mL/kg NaCl [solid], treated time: 75 min) stable (p > 0.05), with the final TVC of 5.03 ± 0.10 log cfu/g. According to the PCA results, water-holding capacity has a positive correlation to pH. Moisture content was the best discriminator for differentiating sausages with control and modified casings, whilst pH was able to discriminate sausages stored after 138 days from other days.
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Introduction: A significant antibiotic prescribing pattern associated with the COVID-19 pandemic has been described. Multiple protocols included empirical antimicrobials, leading to a substantial increase in antimicrobial consumption in medical care. A higher mortality rate is described among patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who received antibiotics. Objectives: To determine the association between the use of antibiotics and the development of acute renal injury in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in patients treated at the Hospital II EsSalud de Ucayali, 2021. Methods: A cross-sectional-analytical study was conducted, evaluating the medical records of patients admitted to the intensive care unit between July 2020 and July 2021. For the statistical analysis, measures of central tendency and dispersion, statistical hypothesis contrast tests were used in relation to acute kidney injury (AKI), antibiotic use and associated factors, derived from linear regression models. Results: The factors that were positively associated with the development of AKI were sepsis (aPR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.26-6.43), shock (aPR:2.49; 95% CI: 1.28-4.86), mechanical ventilation (aPR:9.11; 95% CI: 1.23-67.57), and use of vancomycin (aPR: 3.15; 95% CI: 1.19-8.27). Conclusions: In the Peruvian Amazon, there is a high consumption and inadequate prescription of antibiotics. The drugs most commonly used for the treatment of COVID-19 were: aminoglycosides, vancomycin, ivermectin, azithromycin, tocilizumab, and corticosteroids. The development of AKI among hospitalized patients was found to be related to vancomycin administration. In addition, an association was found with the use of mechanical ventilation, a high body mass index, and the presence of complications such as sepsis or shock. Therefore, inappropriate antibiotic use for COVID-19 has been associated with multiple negative outcomes and consequences.
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Due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, many rapid antimicrobial agents have developed intensively. Carbon dots (CDs), a new type of carbon‐based nanomaterials, shows great potential against emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial‐resistant infections due to their unique optical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and easy surface modification. With the definition of the CDs structure and properties, synthesis, and characteristic technology improvement, the research on the CDs as antimicrobial agents has made significant progress. However, the lack of high repeatable and exact preparation methods, and the regular antimicrobial activity make it far from practical application. In this review, we summarize the most recent progress and challenges of CDs antimicrobial. First, an overview of the characteristics and properties is given, and the advantage of CDs applied to antimicrobial is further discussed. Then, it focuses on research progress on antimicrobial mechanisms under different conditions, the critical factors affecting their antimicrobial activity, and the practical antimicrobial applications. Finally, the main challenges and future research perspectives of antimicrobial CDs are proposed.
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Background: Today, SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), a viral disease caused by the novel coronavirus (a tiny crowned virus), has become one of the threats for human beings all over the world and caused the death of millions of people worldwide. Many vaccines have been developed and administered to people in several countries;however, due to their propensity to create new strains, it appears that curing all corona strains will be challenging. So, it is necessary to identify the structure of the virus, mechanism of action, and its antiviral activities against drugs and other functional materials. Methods: AgNPs have unique physicochemical and antimicrobial properties. This review describes the structure and nature of the virus and the mechanism of action of an antiviral drug such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the virus. In addition, different methods for synthesis of AgNPs, application of AgNPs as an antiviral agent against influenza virus, human immuno deficiency virus (HIV), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), hepatitis B virus (HBV), polio virus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), are discussed. Also, the most probable applications and properties of AgNPs that can help prepare it as an antiviral agent are discussed. Results: The use of AgNPs against various viruses, including the coronavirus family, is found to be effective;therefore, it can be considered for the development of antiviral agents, disinfectants, antiviral coated mask, and their therapeutic use against the treatment of novel coronavirus with minimum side effect and great efficiency. Conclusion: AgNPs were successfully used for the treatment of various viral diseases of the coronavirus family such as H1N1, H3N2, influenza, even for SARS and MERS coronaviruses. AgNPs coated masks, disinfectants, fabrics, wipes, and inhalation systems are effective for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Since sanitizers have a temporary effect, the development of some other potential alternatives having low toxicity, ease of use, long lasting efficiency, health cautiousness, minimum side effect, sustainable fabrics is required.
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The atmosphere at the European yarn fairs for spring/summer 2023 was positive, reflecting the fact that trade had begun to improve again after the apparel and textile industries had been heavily impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021. Having said that, there remain economic uncertainties which continue to make it difficult to plan for upcoming seasons. These uncertainties are reflected in the colour trends for the spring/summer 2023 season. In particular, colours are restrained and mellow compared with previous seasons. That said, there is an abundance of novel knitwear yarns in the collections for the season, reflecting a playful spirit which was embraced at all of the European yarn fairs. There is also a strong focus in the collections on antiviral and antibacterial yarns, driven by an increase in consumer demand for these materials during the COVID-19 pandemic. Exhibitors at the fairs agreed that awareness of antiviral and antibacterial yarns had been brought to the forefront as a result of the pandemic and this had driven manufacturers to pursue innovation. Environmental sustainability continued to be a widely discussed and promoted topic at the fairs, and it was clear that manufacturers are pursuing opportunities for adding value through biodegradability. In particular, it is especially important for manufacturers to demonstrate the biodegradability of their yarns in marine environments. This trend is being driven by greater consumer awareness of the damage which is being caused to the environment by microfibres and the persistence of apparel and textile waste in the oceans. Yarns made from natural fibres, notably linen, merino wool and hemp, are prevalent in the collections for the spring/summer 2023 season and there is a particular focus on promoting the inherent properties of these fibres—including breathability, moisture management and thermoregulation. Also, traceability is high on the agenda for many manufacturers, and innovations in trace technology were plentiful at the fairs. © Textiles Intelligence Limited 2022.